Saturday, January 25, 2020
A Study of Small Sculpture from the Mesoamerican Societies Essay
     The Olmec, Maya, and Aztec were dominating societies of Mesoamerica, rich in culture, community, and art. While life may not be completely interpretable yet, much in known about how these societies were constructed, and how their religion dominated their lives. Much is generally made of their massive stonework, their ceremonial complexes, and ritual sacrifices, but their small jade, ceramic, and stone sculpture deserves as much attention as the works of much larger size have received.      The Olmec were thought to have set many of the patterns seen in later cultures throughout Mesoamerica.1 San Lorenzo, the oldest known Olmec building site, as of the time of the Brittanica article, is known for its Colossal Stone Heads, all of which have prominent facial features. Las Bocas was excavated and many small jade figurines of people in the community were found. Some of these appear to have ritualistic purposes, judging by the incising noted on the sculpture.      The Olmec culture spread northwest and southeast, and seemingly influenced later cultures in artistic endeavors.2      The concept of sacrifice in Olmec art had ties to the belief of renewal; a birth-death scenario, where one is returned to the source - the underworld.3 Similar to monumental figures of men presenting children, wearing jaguar-baby masks, for sacrifice, human figures were sculpted in a much smaller scale, many of which are ceramic or polished jade (fig. 1).      The Las Bocas site of the Olmec produced many small figurines that are thought to represent the people who lived there. These objects display Olmec symbols on their hairstyles or bodies, and because they were found at or near grave sites, these pieces are believed to have more purpose than simply the depiction of daily life.4 An example of this type of sculpture is of a man and woman embracing (fig. 2).      The â€Å"Wrestler†figure is an example of Olmec sculpture that should be viewed from all angles, not just frontal. â€Å"The long diagonal line of the figure’s back and shoulders is as beautiful and commanding as the frontal view.†5 The pensiveness of the expression on the man’s face suggests individuality and portraiture (fig. 3).      Jade was a really p... ...assic Maya Art and           Architecture.†In The Ancient Americas: Art from Sacred Landscapes, ed.      Richard F. Townsend, 159-169. Chicago: The Art Institute of Chicago,           1992. Miller, Mary Ellen. The Art of Mesoamerica from Olmec to Aztec, 2nd ed.           London: Thames and Hudson, 1996. Reilly III, F. Kent. â€Å"Art, Ritual, and Rulership in the Olmec World.†In The           Ancient Civilizations of Mesoamerica, eds. Michael E. Smith and Marilyn      A. Masson, 369-399. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 2000. Valdes, Juan Antonio. â€Å"The Beginnings of Preclassic Maya Art and                     Architecture.†In The Ancient Americas: Art from Sacred Landscapes, ed.      Richard F. Townsend, 147-57. Chicago: The Art Institute of Chicago,           1992.
Friday, January 17, 2020
Prostitution Case Study Essay
There are too many women and girls who are lured to prostitution. Men and boys are also being exposed for sexual purposes. In the 1998 study by the International Labor Organization (ILO), it was estimated that there were at least 400,000 to 500,000 prostituted persons in the Philippines with an estimated 60,000 to 100,000 children. In 2004, the number of those exploited in prostitution alone reached 600,000 and it ballooned to 800,000 in 2005. In a 2009 study, there were around 800,000 prostituted persons in the Philippines; half of them are children. Annually, it is estimated that 3,266 children are forced into prostitution. The Philippines ranks fourth among the nations with the most number of children in prostitution as revealed in a study of UNICEF. Prostitution may now be the country’s fourth largest source of GNP according to the study by the Psychological Trauma Program of the University of the Philippines. 2 Prostitution thrives because of gender inequality and lack of respect for women’s human rights clearly manifested on the false notion that women are inferior, sexual objects and commodities while men are superior, decision-makers and owners of properties. The system also thrives because of complex socio-cultural and economic factors  poverty, under-education, unemployment and economic disparity and power relations, making it easier for those who have more money and power to exploit more vulnerable people and lead them into prostitution and the sex trade. Women do not make a rational choice in entering prostitution; they settle with the limited options available to them bearing conditions of inequality that are set by the customers who pay women to do what they want them to do. At some point, State policies which are gender blind on the issue of prostitution may even result in compromising Filipino women’s bodily integrity to sex tourists, foreign and local, mili tary and big business. Our society has made prostitution â€Å"hidden in plain sight†– although it is everywhere, we tend to disregard and do not give priority to addressing it. Article 202 of the RPC as amended by R.A. 101583 provides: â€Å"Article 202. Prostitutes; Penalty. – For the purposes of this article, women who, for money or profit, habitually indulge in sexual intercourse or lascivious conduct, are deemed to be prostitutes. Any person found guilty of any of the offenses covered by this article shall be punished by arrestomenor or a fine not  200 pesos, and in case of recidivism, by arrest mayor in its medium period to prison correctional in its minimum period or a fine ranging from 200 to 2,000 pesos, or both, in the discretion of the court.†[emphasis added]. Notably, the above provision focuses law enforcement and legal sanctions exclusively on prostituted women. This is clearly an affront to women as it continues to criminalize prostituted women, while letting the customers and the pimps go unscathed. SALIGAN, in its mission towards the empowerment of women throughout the country, joins various women’s groups in their clamor for national legislations that will fully recognize women’s rights and gender equality. Towards this end, SALIGAN supports and calls for the passage of the Reproductive Health Bill and the Anti-Prostitution Bill. †¢The Reproductive Health Bill is a recognition  reproductive health is a basic human right and it is the obligation of the government to protect and facilitate the enjoyment of this right. †¢The Anti-Prostitution Bill states that women exploited in prostitution should never be treated as criminals; instead, they should be treated as victim-survivors of sexual exploitation. Being victim-survivors, the blame should not be attributed to sexually-exploited women but on those who take advantage of them, as well as those who profit and gain from their sexual victimization. The proposed pieces of legislation find bases  international instruments, foremost of which is the International Bill of Human Rights which lays down the fundamental human rights of every individual. Article 2 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights provides that: Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth†¦ without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour,sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. It recognized gender equality as one of the basic tenets of humanity. In addition to this, the Philippines is also a signatory to the the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, the paramount international human rights instrument espousing the promotion, protection and fulfillment of women’s rights. As signatory to CEDAW, the Philippines is duty bound to give life to the provisions of the Convention by incorporating into its legal system laws that recognize gender equality, define as well as prohibit gender discrimination and put forth a national agenda that would end all forms of discrimination against women in its society. Twenty-six years after the ratification to the Convention, the Philippine Government has been remiss in complying with its State obligations under the Convention. Furthermore, the 1987 Constitution recognizes the role  women in nation-building and ensures fundamental equality before the law between men and women. As a state policy, it is therefore incumbent upon the State to enact measures towards gender equality. Beyond international and constitutional bases, the above-mentioned proposed measures would address pressing issues of women who,more often than not, without protection from the State through domestic laws,suffer from gender discrimination, marginalization and violence. V. Summary and Concluding Statement Prostitution is the action of providing the sexual services to the other people for money (Lauer & Lauer, 2001). There are 50% of the countries in the world legalized prostitution, 10% of the countries limited the legality, and Philippines is one in the 40% countries that prostitution is consider as illegal (Prostitution ProCon.org, 2010). There are many different ideas toward legalizing prostitution. Majority of Philippine people do not support prostitution while some people said legalizing the prostitution is beneficial than disadvantage. I think prostitution should not be legalized for five main reasons: it is not suit with law, not suit with government policy, not fair to prostitutes, increase the HIV/AIDS rate, and not suit with our culture. The first reason is that, prostitution is not complying by Philippine law. Philippines constitution is not support the prostitution. According to degree 46 the first paragraph states that human trafficking, prostitution, and phonogram that cause bad impact on the value of female is prohibited by law (LICADHO, 2003). Officially, all laws must be subject to the Constitutional Law of Philippines, so Prostitution could not be legalized in Philippines. Also, in the Law of Anti-human-trafficking and commercial on humanity says that all kind of sexual services are prohibited by law, and the person who run a business of providing the sexual service must be imprison from one year to five years, and find rank from 5 million pesos to 30 million pesos, states in Law of human trafficking and commercial activities on humanity (as cited in ADHOC, 2008). If the state wants to legalize the prostitution, it has to edit many laws that already put in to practice. The second reason is that our government policies do not support prostitution. Government of Philippines advertises Philippines as the place for best place to live and cultural tourism, but if the state legalizes prostitution;
Thursday, January 9, 2020
Teaching Methods And Strategies For Teaching Styles
There has always been a debate on what kind of teaching styles work best, what the best curriculum to teach is, or how to effectively organize your classroom. Yet, nobody has discovered what the most effective teaching methods are. As future teachers, we must constantly be making decisions that will shape us into the teacher we would like to become. Over the course of the next four years, and even once we become teachers with classrooms of our own, we will be exposed to many different teaching methods and strategies. There is no one right or wrong way to teach, and it is up to us to decide how we would like to structure our classroom. While there are many teaching styles, it seems that there is predominantly two types of teachers according to John Dewey: those that are reflective, and those that are not. Unreflective teachers tend to accept the routines that are given to them by the school they are working for. They spend their days working to solve problems who have been created by others for them. Reflective teachers on the other hand, are constantly evaluating their beliefs, teaching methods and behaviors and modifying those things so that it works with the situation they are in. Dewey believe that in order to be a reflective teacher, you must have three different components to your attitude: open-mindedness, responsibility, and wholeheartedness. In being open-minded, you must be willing to listen to both sides of the argument and willing to use an alternative way ofShow MoreRelatedTeaching Strategies For Learning Style Preferences853 Words  | 4 PagesBeck matches three teaching strategies to learning style preferences. During which he attempts to link the 4MAT system, Dunn’s LSI, and the Renzulli Smith’s LSI to teaching strategies associated to display individual learning preferences linked to the brain’s hemispheres. 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