Tuesday, December 31, 2019
Unwelcomed Evaluations by Teachers Nationwide Essay
Throughout history, education reformers worldwide have attempted to strengthen the ranks of public schools and find, train, and measure good teachers in a variety of ways. Many states have adopted teacher evaluation systems based on student test scores largely to receive federal Race to the Top grants or waivers from No Child Left Behind. These evaluations are mostly unwelcomed by educators nationwide, due to the unfair and ineffective consequences that have resulted from the evaluation systems. Under the new system, each teacher and principal will receive an annual professional performance review (APPR)which will be rated as â€Å"highly effective,†â€Å"effective,†â€Å"developing,†or â€Å"ineffective.†(New York State Board of Regents). The†¦show more content†¦Additionally, a majority of the standardized tests that would be used in teacher evaluations today, which are statewide tests required by NCLB, focus on low-level skills such as the restatement of information and on only a few subjects, primarily reading, math, and science. They don’t measure more advanced skills such as expository writing or an ability to think creatively or analytically, and they bypass history, art, music, and other subjects. Therefore, the teachers that have a wider teaching repertoire and are able to engage students beyond the basics, are at a disadvantage when standardized test scores are used as part of the evaluation. Furthermore, there are many factors that have strong influences on student learning gains, including the influences of previous teachers, tutors, family resources, family mobility, the quality of curriculum materials and class size. (2013 Economic Policy Institute). In fact, factors other than the teacher account for roughly 85-90% of the variation in students’ test scores, while teachers account for only 10-15% of the variance in scores (Strauss 2012). Therefore, handing teachers high ratings merely if thei r students have high test scores would create many miscalculations of teachers’ true capabilities. An example of this can be shown from the
Monday, December 23, 2019
Dealing with the Stress in Police Work - 2449 Words
New officers enter law enforcement every day with different backgrounds and beliefs. Police officers are believed and trusted by the authority and justice system since police work revolves around enforcing laws. They are expected to believe in them, and almost have to. If the people that enforce laws were not trusted by the justice system, what would society think? No progress would be made, as crime rate would then increase because of this. Value systems and other emotional connections come into affect right away as an officer enters law enforcement. The police family, and the police brotherhood are a few identifiable names directed towards officers that reflect their group or department of officers that they are a part of. Most people can agree that being part of a group or team can make someone feel security, emotional support, and feeling of acceptance. Also, most groups of officers create an enemy. An enemy that a group of officers would have could be another group of officers, a criminal group, or just any person or group that the group does not like or approve of. This provides motivation for this group and keeps them emotionally together because they are fighting against and for the same cause. As police officers are an identifiable group, they are always seen and easy to pick out. No matter where an officer is at on duty, they will almost always be wearing a badge, uniform, and gun. Even when they are not on duty, many people can spot officers by theirShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Organizational And Administrative Practices996 Words  | 4 Pagesthe word stress, I would say that it is anything that puts mental and physical strain on the body to get something done. There are different types of stress and people handle it in unalike ways. 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Not only are these problems inRead MoreThe Mission Of Community Policing935 Words  | 4 Pagesprovides decentralized and personalized police service that empowers the community to participate in the process of making the neighborhood better and safer. Command of temper is absolutely necessary for law enforcement officers because they have the ability to seize members of the community of their freedom. An officer not having control of their temper, represents a threat to our community and gives bad publicity to other police officers. A huge part of a police officer’s everyday activities includeRead MoreThe Political Impact Of Collective Bargaining807 Words  | 4 PagesCity of Atlanta Police Department†discusses the dissatisfaction the Atlanta Police had with its employer, Atlanta City. It explains the absolute power the employers have over their employees, who have no voice, in such things as promotions, politics, salaries, compensation, benefits, etc. It stresses the distances between departmental administration and its officers and how collective bargaining can bring morale up. The detached relationship between administration and the police excludes the needsRead MoreThe Importance Of Job Related Stress Amo ng Police Officers1121 Words  | 5 Pages As a police commander or administrator, addressing the concerns of the officers in your employ, is one of the most important duties that you have. This is especially true when addressing the issues of job related stress. Studies have shown that many police officers perceive the most stress, which they experience, originates from within the department. The studies have also shown that job related stress is a leading cause of cardiovascular disease in police officers (Vicini, 2013). With theseRead MoreEssay on Stress and Law Enforcement1154 Words  | 5 PagesManagement and Dealing with Stress in Officers It is important that law enforcement officers are able to handle stress and build his or her zone of stability. Officers have a ready-made support system in each other. They better understand the special problems and feelings that come with the job that friends and family members dont. That doesnt necessarily mean that this relationship with their fellow officers will cure all. Sometimes, because of the macho image that police officers upholdRead MoreHow Community Policing Cause A Movement Of Training857 Words  | 4 Pagesarea of concentration and personalizing police service and empowering neighborhoods to take part in this process by making them safer and better. Command of temper is absolutely necessary for law enforcement officers because they have the ability to seize members of the community of their freedom. An officer not having control of their temper, represents a threat to our community and gives bad publicity to other police officers. A huge part of a police officer’s everyday activities includes interactingRead More stress and law enforcement Essay1121 Words  | 5 Pages Management and Dealing with Stress in Officers nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;It is important that law enforcement officers are able to handle stress and build his or her zone of stability. Officers have a ready-made support system in each other. They better understand the special problems and feelings that come with the job that friends and family members don’t. That doesn’t necessarily mean that this relationship with their fellow officers will cure all. Sometimes, because of the â€Å"macho†imageRead MoreDangers Of Being A Police Officer718 Words  | 3 Pagescome with a lot of dangerous situation. Being a police officer can be a very rewarding job and can make you have a sense of purpose. Police officers can be put into dangerous situation very quickly, so they have to be able to think quickly on their feet. One may become a police officer for the sense of reward, but it comes with a lot of stress and dangers. Policeman can have a stressful job and sometimes it gets in the way of their lives away from work. According to Patrolman Michael Anderson (2017)Read MoreHow Community Policing Cause A Movement Of Training851 Words  | 4 Pagesof concentration and personalizing police service and empowering the community to participate in this process and making neighboorhods safer and better. Command of temper is absolutely necessary for law enforcement officers because they have the ability to seize members of the community of their freedom. An officer not having control of their temper, represents a threat to our community and gives bad publicity to other police officers. A huge part of a police officer’s everyday activities includes
Sunday, December 15, 2019
Critical Lenses Essay Free Essays
L. a Date: 11/14/12 Critical Lenses Herodotus once said â€Å"men are at the mercy of events and cannot control them. †In saying this Herodotus meant that men cannot control any situation, but that it is fate that determines what is to occur. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Lenses Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Prince Edward from The Prince and the Pauper by Mark Twain and Macbeth from Macbeth by William Shakespeare prove this statement to be both true and false. Macbeth in the play (structure) Macbeth by William Shakespeare proves the statement true. The story is about a man named Macbeth and him becoming king (plot). In the year 1040 in Scotland (setting) three witches prophesize to Macbeth that he will be King (foreshadowing). Macbeth is forced to kill the current king, King Duncan, in order to take the throne. After Macbeth kills King Duncan he feels very guilty. Macbeth ends up killing even more people to cover up his lie (characterization) As Macbeth’s life goes on as king, he begins hearing voices and having hallucinations of Banquo’s ghost (imagery). These are just the consequences of his actions, and he had to live with them. Macbeth goes from gaining respect, appreciation and wealth to losing everything (characterization). Macbeth chooses to listen to the witches’ prophesy, rather than listening to Banquo telling him the prophecy may be evil; thus, Macbeth causes his own problems. In contrast Prince Edward from The Prince and The Pauper by Mark Twain was more at the mercy of his situation than was Macbeth. In this novel (structure), Prince Edward has been raised in luxury. Prince Edward birth was celebrated by the whole country and was wrapped in silks and satins (imagery). He is used to fine foods, magnificent clothing, and to being waited on by hundreds of servants, as well he is accustomed to being protected and to giving commands that others obey quickly. He is used to these things simply because they are part of the life of a prince. Having spent his entire life in the confines of the royal palace, he has daydreamed about the freedom experienced by boys such as Tom Canty (the pauper). One afternoon Prince Edward and Tom Canty trade clothing and as a result, they trade lives as well. Prince Edward trades places with Tom Canty and ends up in Offal Court. Prince Edward gets to experience what Tom Canty’s everyday life was like: to be poor and be treated horribly by Tom’s father. Prince Edward is now learning how hard life is for his subjects and how unfair the laws are. Edward, as a child, is now at the mercy of adults outside the palace, both good and bad. After many adventures, matters are set right again, with the help of Miles Hendon to take him back to the palace, with one of the boys resuming his rightful, royal position and the other boy accepting a position that recognizes his innate intelligence and good heartedness (plot). Macbeth from Macbeth by William Shakespeare and Prince Edward from The Prince and The Pauper by Mark Twain prove Herodotus’s saying â€Å"men are at the mercy of events and cannot control them†to be true as well as false. The statement means that men cannot control any situation but that it is fate that determines what is to occur. Both Prince Edward and Macbeth make poor decisions which get them into trouble . However, Macbeth, the adult, makes worse decisions that are wrong and evil and deserve punishment. Edward, the child, makes an innocent mistake and is punished anyway. Yet, fortunately, though the kindness of Miles Hendon, Edward is able to return home, having learned from his experiences, unlike Macbeth who loses everything and is killed. How to cite Critical Lenses Essay, Essay examples
Saturday, December 7, 2019
Digital Laws - Forensics & Information Security - Digital Forensics Ess
Question: Write an essay on Digital Forensics? Answer: Introduction: The ability to collect data or information for the purpose of the critical analysis is considered as an essential skill in the field of Criminal Justice (Caloyannides Caloyannides, 2004). Such skills are necessary for the purpose of problem solving. The advent of computer science and technology has given rise to a new domain of criminology: the digital or computer crimes. The list of the techniques used to conduct digital crimes is growing with each passing day: needless to say that file do of criminal justice is also adapting itself to the current situation by incorporating various technologies and com putting techniques to combat such crimes (Clarke, 2010). However, it should also be kept in mind the techniques using which such crimes are being conducted are getting more and more sophisticated with time, hence the criminal justice system should incorporate newly developed and innovative techniques so as to keep up with the evolving digital crime techniques. Computer forensics or d igital forensics is one such computer technology that is currently being used in various operational activities that are essential for the purpose of investigating any digital crime (Wiles, 2007). In this paper, various aspects of the field of digital or computer forensics have been discussed so as to evaluate the importance of this technology in the society and in the field of criminal justice. Computer forensics, along with the science of digital forensic, can be defined in a specific way as that field computer studies which helps in the process of collecting and analyzing various information and/ or document from any computer systems or devices and associated storage media units that can be treated as legal evidence in any court of law (Craiger Shenoi, 2007). These computer forensics involved experts involved in any case are accountable for those operational processes that are conducted for the examination of various files, folder and other digital media that are stored on any c omputing device or on additional storage media so as to recover files of information that might be contextual to any legal situation and/ or matter (Wiles Reyes, 2007). Needless to say, computer forensics refers to that domain of computer science which deals with the inspection and analysis of the personal and private digital files of any individual or any organization, given that specific person or organization has been involved in any legal matter (Gogolin, 2013). The domain of computer forensic science is concerned with the data collection and analysis process followed by investigating while probing any digital or computer crime. While considering the investigation procedure, it can be said that this particular discipline of computer science incorporates and implements the widely known technologies and techniques that are used in the process of data discovery and recovery. Along with this features, the discipline of computer forensics also includes various guidelines, practices and methodologies that are useful in creating legal audits (Jones, Bejtlich Rose, 2006). The evidence and information that are gathered by any computer forensics team in the course of the investigation are subjected those very same protocols, guidelines and practices that any other forensic data or report are subjected to. As in the case of other forensic evidence, the information collected from of digital forensic investigation processes cannot be edited or tampered with in any way, and various constitutional guidelines should be followed to preserve them, such that they can be used in any fair legal procedure or trial (Li, 2010). Importance of digital/ computer forensics: The advent of the internet has changed the process in which crime scenes were investigated in the past: the dynamic nature of the internet is reflected in the way criminals plan and conduct crimes, thus making the task of collecting information or evidence using the traditional procedures more and more difficult with each passing day (Volonino Anzaldua, 2008). As, for example, the various websites that are used planning or conducting any crime might be accessible on the internet on one day and might be pulled down on the very next day (Nikkel, 2014). On the other hand, as the access to internet is omnipresent in most developed countries these days, criminals can gain access to the internet from various computer devices at different points in time, each tome from a different location. While traditional investigating procedures would not be able to detect o investigate any crime conducted in this process, digital or computer forensics can be used investigate such incidents (Vacca, 200 5). The Internet Protocol (IP) addresses used to conduct any cyber crime can be easily detected using digital forensics, which in turn gives away the address of the particular computer used to gain access to the internet and the exact time at which the crime was conducted: once the time and place at which the crime was initiated becomes available to the investigators, a little more probing would surely reveal the person of group of persons who had conducted the evil (Marshall, 2008). However, digital forensics can be used to collect data or evidence in a wide range of cases other than that of cyber crimes. It has been noticed that many offenders who are involved in crimes like sexual assault, drug dealing, espionage, extortion, auto theft, murder, kidnapping, economic crimes, criminal hacking and even in terrorism, tend to have stored some such incriminating data on their computing machines that are more than enough to prove their association with such crimes (Solomon, Barrett Broom, 2005). In such cases, the data or evidence collected from their computing devices, as revealed by digital forensic experts, are used as legal evidence in all courts of law (Mohay, 2003). Effect of the digital/ computer forensics on society: Let us consider one of the very first cases that were solved by investigating processes that utilized the help of digital or computer forensics. In 1998, a small town in Vermont, known as the Fair Haven, witnessed a murder in which a piece of pipe bomb was used as a weapon. In this particular case, Chris Marquis, who was a 17 year old teenager at that time, had reportedly announced on a forum on the internet that he would be selling some CB radios on the Internet (Nelson, Phillips Steuart, 2010). However, in reality he was aimed at scamming the buyers since he had no such radio device to sell. A 35years old person named Chris Dean became one of his victims. This person was from Pierceton in Indiana, and Marquis had conned him for some hundred dollars. When Dean realized that he had been scammed, he made several futile attempts to communicate with Marquis and had reportedly sent some threatening emails to him. However, on the 19th of March 1998, a pipe bomb was delivered by the UPS t o Marquis' house: Marquis was killed as the bomb exploded, leaving his mother severely injured (Kessler, 2005). The shipping label used by UPS led the local authorities to Dean, and the FBI found the threatening emails found on his computer. These two pieces of evidence were used as the key evidence using which Deans involvement in Marquis' death was proved and Dean was convicted in a court of law. At present, Chris Dean is serving a life sentence in one of the federal prisons of the country. The impact of digital or computer forensics on the society can also be demonstrated using the case that has been discussed in the following section. In March 2005, a serial killer, widely known as the BTK killer was arrested from Wichita in Kansas, based on the information provided by a single digital document (Kessler, 2005). The killer had been involved in a series of murders for the past 30 years: however, a small mistake conducted was finally utilized by the authorities to end his killing spree. The killer had a habit of sending letters to the local television centre at Wichita so as to inform the general mass about the killing he had made: in one such case the killer had used the information about his exploits to the local television station. The local police got a hold of this email, from which the first name of the author was easily found out. The metadata properties of the mail also revealed the name of the organization to which the devices belonged using which these emails w ere being sent. The emails revealed that the killer was using one of the computing devices of a church, and checking the database of the church provided the investigating team with the information that the killer whom they were looking for was the president of this particular church. A search at the church premises provided many such pieces of evidence to the police: the investigators found out a floppy disk that contained a document in which an agenda for a next council meeting was discussed, along with the letter that was sent to the local television channel via the electronic mail. Until this stage, Dennis Rade was never being considered as a suspect for the murders; however a single of electronic mail was enough to reveal the true characteristics of Pastor Dennis Rade, the president of the church. Thus, it can be said that the importance of digital or computer forensics is the same as that of other procedures that are used to maintain peace and a level of security in the society (Solomon, 2011). Importance of digital/ computer forensics to the field of Information Technology: The advent of technology is being helpful in the process of developing new and innovative technologies that can be used in detecting various cyber crimes, besides collecting information against such crimes and analysing this information so as to find out such evidences which can be accepted as legal evidences in any court of law (Olivier Shenoi, 2006). Extensive researches are being conducted all over the world that aims at developing innovative methods and techniques that can be used to gather and analyze digital evidence in the case of any cyber crime. A wide range of readily existing literary articles has been reviewed while writing this report, some of which have been mentioned in the following section (Pollitt Shenoi, 2006). In the article titled as 1 A New Approach to Digital Forensic Model for Digital Forensic Investigation , the authors have made a detailed discussion on the various digital or computer forensic models that are currently being used in the process of forensic investigations of cyber crimes (Barske, Stander Jordaan, 2010). The proceedings of The Digital Forensic Research Workshops or the DFRWS, that was held in 2001 in Utica in New York b has been provided in this article: in this workshop a newly formed community of people, who belonged to fields of Information Technology and academics, shared the findings of their researchers in the field of digital forensics with a target audience in which civilians were present along with military experts and law enforcement officials (Prosise Mandia, 2003). The article also provides detailed description of some of the widely used digital forensic methodologies, namely The Forensic Process Model which was introduced by the U.S National Institute of Justice, the Abstract Digital Forensic Model which was introduced in 2002, the Integrated Digital Investigation Process Model or the IDIP, the Enhanced Digital Investigation Process, the Extended model of cyber crime investigation and many more (Ray Shenoi, 2008). The application of data mining tools as a prospective approach towards the collection and analysis of data as to find evidence in the case of cyber crimes has been discussed in the second article that has been referenced (Nirkh Dharaskar, 2012). The third article that has been reviewed provides an insight into the various processes that are used in digital or computer forensics (Dawar, Gupta Kishore, 2014). The authors have classified digital forensics into the following types: Device Forensics: This particular domain of digital forensics is associated with the recovery of evidence or information from various devices, like that of computers, digital cameras, mobile phones, etc (Sammons, 2012). Disk Forensics: This particular domain of digital forensics is associated with the recovery of evidence or information from various primary and secondary storage devices like that of Hard Disc, Flash Drive, CD, Floppy drives and so on and so forth. Network Forensics: As the digital world demands the interconnectivity of computer machines for the purpose of sharing of digital contents, most of the evidence or information regarding cyber crimes are present or embedded within the very same network that connects these devices. This particular domain of digital forensics aims at collecting information from networks, to analyze them and to use them as evidence in courts of laws. Such a type of digital forensics is generally used to track or find information about defamation cases, data theft, software piracy, espionage, etc. This particular paper also provides detailed information on such digital forensic model using which the investigating team at first decides on using one or more than one of the computer forensic domains in order to perform an investigation. The fourth paper that has been reviewed provides an insight into the frame using that digital forensic experts collect evidence of various incidents. The definition of forensic investigation has been provided; along with the classification of digital analysis types have been discussed. The authors are of the opinion that digital forensic evidence is of the following kinds (Reith, Carr Gunsch, 2002): 1. Media Analysis: It refers to the collection and analysis of evidence or information stored on any device. This kind of analysis can only be used to collect evidence from media sectors of a fixed size. 2. Management Analysis: The collection of data or evidence using management systems that are used to organize data. It includes data collection from RAID system and might also include the process of volume management. 3. File System Analysis: This method is used to collect information or evidence from file systems that reside inside a disk or partition. The process of extracting the contents of a file and/ or recovering any deleted file includes these particular types of digital forensic analysis. 4. Application Analysis: through this process, the data content of any file can be accessed, collected and analyzed. 5. Network Analysis: The process using which data, information or evidence can be collected from any communication network. Effects of digital/ computer forensics on individuals or organizations: The next literary article that has been reviewed discusses about the digital forensics readiness framework that should be implemented in the small and medium sized enterprises of South Africa. The author at first provide a detailed description of those situations in which an organization can be asked to provide details of the Information technology and communications systems that have been incorporated in its organizational activities. In order to provide the information or data about such systems, it is essential to include certain framework, using which the data from all organizational activities can be collected. The authors have also provided with an outline using which such small and medium sized enterprises could implement such a framework in their organizational systems (Barske, Stander Jordaan, 2010). Legislation: When scenarios occur that can cause the destruction of valuable digital assets, intellectual capital on an organizational system and networks, organization have to deal with the unfavourable situation and embarrassment even some time market value also drops due to the negative image of weak security mechanism. When an organization build a new intrusion detection system and a particular application loaded on a system as an interface to detect the audit log to trace the intrusions. Next to this law enforcement is notified and the intruder is charged for the feloniously altering computer data, illegal use of computer data and causing the computer to malfunction (Balon, Stovall Scaria, 2015). The lawyers for the suspected hackers mount their attack based on the evidence on application generated activity log. It is obvious that each of the evidence need to be correct and admissible to the court. On the other hand the digital evidence must survive the Daubert challenge to by overcoming several hurdles to collect, store and to process and to present the evidence. Computers today provide an enormous amount of data storage to process a large volume of data. There are several disk drives are in use to store and process the data though seizing and freezing them do not take place only by burning single CD-ROM. Sometimes being unable or forget to freeze the files prior to access them may lead the evidences to the invalidate state. In addition to this in todays modern distributed system architecture digital evidences reside in several server and clients deployed in an organization (L. Garfinkel, 2015). Even the problem gets more critical when an IT infrastructure gets connected to the internet and all the digital evidences get spread over the several geographic regions. To secure the digital evidence, it is required- To implement such mechanism upon seizing evidence; action should not change the evidence. On the other hand a person who forensically competent can only be the competent one to handle those digital evidence. An individual is responsible for the entire actions taken with respect digital evidence, if the evidence is in the possession of that particular person. An agency is responsible or can be charged for the seizing, accessing the digital evidences can be charged for compliance with these principles. Seizure of data traffic is considered as spying and it is a smart way to collect information on the other hand the privacy become obsolete. On the other hand the wiretapping helps to gather evidence when social concerns are there or maybe there are numbers problems in the legal system. Collection of electronic evidence with the help of telephone wiretap can be carefully controlled by the legal system following the wiretap Act. The U.S. district court of New Hampshire in Basil had a rule that having access of email stored on a hard drive was not inception as per the wiretap act, at the recipient end (J.Ryan Shpantzer, 2015). On the other hand there are numbers of administrative considerations are there, namely proper training, resource commitment, software licensing. Recommendations: Computer crime is arising due to the misuse of resources by allowing the anomalous behaviour. Although, there is a continuous improvement in the computer operating system, the future of computer system security is not good enough for the further detection and of anomalous behaviour pattern generated from the system user. Detection of intrusion take place using standard logs, audit trails, information gathered from the switches, routers to detect the intrusion into a computer system (Ashcroft, J. Daniels V. Hart, 2015). There are numbers of class based approaches are there, namely, anomaly based IDS that uses a statistical profile of activity to understand whether the occurrence of a particular incident is normal or anomalous. The normal activities are considered as the legitimate and harmless. On the other hand the unauthorized or harmful incidents fall under the anomalous incident type (J.Ryan Shpantzer, 2015). Signature-based IDS tries to match a sequence of observed events with a known or previously learned pattern of events, which can predict attacks of unusual events that can take place. If there is no signature is matching then with the suspicious activities are known as legitimate or harmless. Signature based IDS are not able to identify the previously unknown or new type of attack and beside this, anomaly based ISD cannot separately identify a sequence of attacks or unwanted events. The basic intrusion detection system have been discussed above which is a beginning that is in use by the computer forensics investigator. In addition to this phase of basic intrusion detection, the computer forensics can be considered to conduct further analysis into investigation. There are three main steps are there involved in computer forensics data preservation, recovery, and examination. For these above mentioned steps it is required to have the access of hard drives, system logs, memory, and network traffic seizing, intrusion detection system (Ashcroft, J. Daniels V. Hart, 2015). The major and current problem with the anomaly detection, it is quite complicated to define the normal user behaviour. In this case, rule-based detection, it only detects highly accurate known attack patterns. In a dynamic environment, it is not possible to understand the normal behaviour. Hence, as a recommendation, it is required to introduce such intrusion detection system that is able to observe the behaviour of the processes rather than the user. In future, it will consider as beneficial if the intrusion detection tools are able to deal with encrypted network traffic and detection of evasion technique. On the other hand, the detection system to detect anomalous behaviour can help to alleviate some of the extra work from the Security administration (Balon, Stovall Scaria, 2015). An organization adopts a new intrusion detection system loaded with particular application on system as an interface to detect the audit log to trace the intrusions. Next to this law enforcement is notif ied and the intruder is charged for the feloniously altering computer data, illegal use of computer data and causing the computer to malfunction (Ashcroft, J. Daniels V. Hart, 2015). References: Ademu, Imafidon, Preston,. (2011). A New Approach of Digital Forensic Model for Digital Forensic Investigation. (IJACSA) International Journal Of Advanced Computer Science And Applications,, 2(12). Ashcroft, J., J. Daniels, D., V. Hart, S. (2015). Forensic Examination of Digital Evidence: A Guide for Law Enforcement (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/199408.pdf Balon, N., Stovall, R., Scaria, T. (2015). Computer Intrusion Forensics Research Paper (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://nathanbalon.com/projects/cis544/ForensicsResearchPaper.pdf Barske, Stander, Jordaan,. (2010). A Digital Forensic Readiness Framework for South African SMEs. CONFERENCE PAPER SEPTEMBER 2010. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224178601 Caloyannides, M., Caloyannides, M. (2004). Privacy protection and computer forensics. Boston: Artech House. Clarke, N. (2010). Computer forensics. Ely: IT Governance Pub. Craiger, P., Shenoi, S. (2007). Advances in digital forensics III. New York, NY: Springer. Dawar, Gupta, Kishore,. (2014). An Insight View of Digital Forensics. International Journal On Computational Sciences Applications (IJCSA), 4(6). Fbijobs.gov,. (2015). FBI - Cyber Team. Retrieved 1 August 2015, from https://www.fbijobs.gov/cybercareers/index.html Gogolin, G. (2013). Digital forensics explained. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. J.Ryan, D., Shpantzer, G. (2015). LegalAspectsofDigitalForensics (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://euro.ecom.cmu.edu/program/law/08-732/Evidence/RyanShpantzer.pdf Jones, K., Bejtlich, R., Rose, C. (2006). Real digital forensics. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Addison-Wesley. Kessler,. (2005). The Role of Computer Forensics in Law Enforcement. Journal Of Digital Forensic Practice. L. Garfinkel, S. (2015). Digital forensics research: The next 10 years (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://dfrws.org/2010/proceedings/2010-308.pdf Li, C. (2010). Handbook of research on computational forensics, digital crime, and investigation. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference. Marshall, A. (2008). Digital forensics. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. Mohay, G. (2003). Computer and intrusion forensics. Boston: Artech House. Nelson, B., Phillips, A., Steuart, C. (2010). Guide to computer forensics and investigations. Boston, MA: Course Technology Cengage Learning. Nikkel,. (2014). Fostering Incident Response and Digital Forensics Research. International Journal Of Digital Evidence. Nirkh, Dharaskar,. (2012). DATA MINING : A PROSPECTIVE APPROACH FOR DIGITAL FORENSICS. International Journal Of Data Mining Knowledge Management Process (IJDKP), 2(6). Olivier, M., Shenoi, S. (2006). Advances in digital forensics II. New York: Springer. Pollitt, M., Shenoi, S. (2006). Advances in digital forensics. New York: Springer. Prosise, C., Mandia, K. (2003). Incident response computer forensics. New York: McGraw-Hill/Osborne. Ray, I., Shenoi, S. (2008). Advances in Digital Forensics IV. [S.l.]: International Federation for Information Processing. Reith, Carr, Gunsch,. (2002). An Examination of Digital Forensic Models. International Journal Of Digital Evidence, 1(3). Sammons, J. (2012). The basics of digital forensics. Waltham, MA: Syngress. Solomon, M. (2011). Computer forensics jumpstart. Indianopolis, Ind.: Wiley Pub. Solomon, M., Barrett, D., Broom, N. (2005). Computer forensics jumpstart. San Francisco, Calif.: SYBEX. Vacca, J. (2005). Computer forensics. Hingham, Mass.: Charles River Media. Volonino, L., Anzaldua, R. (2008). Computer forensics for dummies. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Wiles, J. (2007). Techno security's guide to e-discovery and digital forensics. Burlington, MA: Syngress Pub. Wiles, J., Reyes, A. (2007). The best damn cybercrime and digital forensics book period. Rockland, Mass.: Syngress.
Friday, November 29, 2019
Research Proposal on Literacy Essay Example
Research Proposal on Literacy Essay Literacy is the ability of a person to read literary sources to gain knowledge and discover new interesting facts useful for life. Moreover, literacy is also the ability to write using proper stylistic devices and feel the language in the text. Then, a person who is considered to be literary should be able to read critically, that means possess critical thinking skills. Most people who can read never try to understand the meaning of the content, some idea hidden there. Nobody reads between the lines. A literary person who reads much and has smart and sound mind always tries to find more than written in the text: some historical, social, cultural background of the content; motives, which provoked the author write this very work and introduce this very character into the text. Evidently, literacy has not always been on its high level as nowadays. Even several hundreds years ago only narrow circles of people could boast they can read. Every government of every country devotes much time and money to teaching literacy. Every well-educated person who wants to exist normally in out modern society should be able to read. without literacy one will not manage to survive in our difficult stressful times. Even just going along the street one should be able to read, otherwise he will not manage to reach the point of destination. The problem of literacy is very important nowadays, because still there are countries which have extremely low rates of literacy, because of their poor economical background and political problems. A successful research proposal on literacy should be an interesting paper, which presents brand new methods and concepts, which are useful to teach literacy faster, cheaper, easier and more effective. If one manages to complete the paper like that, he will surely impress the professor and receive chance to write a great research paper on the topic. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Literacy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Literacy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Literacy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Students who need to complete a paper on literacy will have to read much about it. There are many special books, articles in scientific periodicals and encyclopedias dedicated to the topic and they will be helpful for every young professional. Besides, one can read free research proposals on literacy in the Internet and see how a good paper looks like. if one reads such a paper, he will realize how to compose a good paper on the topic, how to analyze the problem, how to support your opinion and how to persuade the professor in the importance of your topic. Nearly every free sample research proposal on financial literacy is a good help and experience for every student for writing an essay on this topic.
Monday, November 25, 2019
Treatment of Words That Include Self
Treatment of Words That Include Self Treatment of Words That Include â€Å"Self†Treatment of Words That Include â€Å"Self†By Mark Nichol Appropriately enough, the self-centered word self, when combined with others, sometimes gets special treatment. Self, as a prefix, is attached by a hyphen to other words in several parts of speech. The combination can be a noun (self-control), an adjective (self-absorbed), a verb (self-medicate), or an adverb (self-importantly). It can also refer literally to a person (self-regard) or can figuratively apply to an inanimate object (self-contained). However it is used, though, it is always, with one aberrant exception I’ll refer to below, hyphenated. In adjectival usage, although most phrasal adjectives are hyphenated before a noun but left open after (â€Å"The well-known artist drew a big crowd,†but â€Å"That artist is well known†), compounds that include the prefix self are hyphenated in both positions: â€Å"The self-possessed girl was confident but not conceited,†and â€Å"That girl is remarkably self-possessed.†This rule applies also to all, another prefix used in phrasal adjectives: â€Å"The all-inclusive policy was more successful†; â€Å"The policy is all-inclusive.†Ex, although not employed in phrasal adjectives, is another prefix always hyphenated to the word that follows: â€Å"That’s her ex-boyfriend.†The exception for the prefix self I referred to above is this: Though self-conscious and self-consciously are so constructed, the antonym presents a problem: Words are often strung together into phrases with hyphens (â€Å"She had an annoying devil-may-care attitude†), but this strategy is considered inappropriate when prefixes are concerned. Un-self-consciously looks awkward. Unfortunately, the preferred alternative, unselfconsciously, is equally repugnant. The solution? Instead of writing â€Å"His unselfconsciousness was refreshing,†write â€Å"His lack of self-consciousness was refreshing.†As an alternative to the adverbial form in, for example, â€Å"They played together unselfconsciously,†try â€Å"They played together with no self-conscious behavior.†In all other usage, though, words in which self or its plural form appears when self is followed by a suffix (selfish, selfless) or when it is combined with a pronoun (yourself, myself, itself, ourselves, themselves, and so on) are not hyphenated. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Grammar Test 1Hang, Hung, Hanged75 Synonyms for â€Å"Hardâ€
Friday, November 22, 2019
Philosophy Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Philosophy Ethics - Essay Example Somehow, some acts are universally taken as condemnable, and people collectively abhor the corrupt behavior, and look down the people observing the same. I came across the moral corruption of some people belonging to the Middle East, where they secretly practice same sex relationships without displaying slightest tolerance for it publicly. Being one of the most religious regions of the entire globe, the Middle East maintains the reputation of the area f the fundamentalists, due to the very fact that the followers of three major faiths including Jews, Christians and Muslims reside there. The teachings of all these faiths vehemently condemn homosexuality, as it is completely prohibited according to these faiths. The Middle East states have introduced severe punishments and penalties on finding homosexual acts, and even announce capital punishment to the offenders. During my stay in Kuwait, I came to know the very reality that the Kuwaitis have imposed strict rules related to veil for women. Consequently, mixing of genders at public or private gatherings and functions are not allowed. Even the families of native people do not develop family terms and relationships between themselves. They pretend to be chaste and pious, which do not enter into social contacts with women, and thus sexual relations with them and adultery has no concern with their culture. They criticize the western societies for practicing adultery and fornication at massive scale, and thus have completely ignored the moral values and ethics from their very life. They blame the Europeans for introducing very favorable rules and laws to the people in respect of getting involved into immoral extra marital activities, which do not have any association with the Christian faith. The Arabs also maintain serious reservations about gay rights prevailing in the USA, Europe and other
Wednesday, November 20, 2019
International Business - Overseas Market Entry Actions Essay
International Business - Overseas Market Entry Actions - Essay Example However, the cosmetics industry in Iceland has escaped most of the fallout resulting from financial market collapse in the country, which has opened up internationalization as a viable strategic objective. This paper will focus on Blue Lagoon Cosmetics Company and its potential entry into the Kuwaiti market, including the most viable international business strategy, its marketing actions, and appropriate organizational structure. In order to do this, the paper will use literature studies on international business strategy and apply theoretical models to the entry of Blue Lagoon into Kuwait. Blue Lagoon was started in 1976 as a way to take advantage of a geothermal plant constructed in the Reykjanes-peninsula. The geothermal plant produces water rich in natural minerals that are also integrated into the white silica clay on land, which Blue Lagoon collects and sells as cosmetic products (Icelandnaturally.com, 2013: p1). Blue Lagoon Ltd. was established in 1992 due to the popularity of its warm spa water, after which bathing facilities were opened in 1999, which made it one of the most popular tourist destinations in Iceland with at least 70% of all tourists visiting Iceland also visiting the Blue Lagoon. The company has three state-of-the-art geothermal spa facilities, which host restaurants, conference rooms, an indoor pool, and modern changing and shower rooms. In addition, Silica mud is also part of the company’s assets, in which visitors can bathe. Blue Lagoon has dedicated its activities to developing the health of visitors, building on the presence of geoth ermal water that contains blue-green algae, silica, and salt (Icelandnaturally.com, 2013: p1). The company began producing skincare products as Blue Lagoon Iceland made of unique chemicals, which were first marketed in the late 90s. In the early part of the 2000s, they launched
Monday, November 18, 2019
There are varying views as to the role of a Human Resource Function Essay
There are varying views as to the role of a Human Resource Function and its practitioners. Explore what these roles are and analyse how they can add value and enhance organisational effectiveness - Essay Example long with internationalisation, wider adoption, as well as execution of pioneering technological advancements and prevalence of extreme business market competition among others. It is strongly believed that the different functions of HRM predominantly plays an imperative role in supporting the organisations belonging to this modern day context in the dimensions of raising greater value to the customers and improvising their operational effectiveness (Aswathappa, 2005). In this similar context, the different functions of HR are managing the activities performed by the personnel of an organisation in an effective manner, motivating people and integrating the organisational objectives with the requirements of the personnel engaged in realizing the organisational objectives (Amos & et. al., 2009). Apart from these, the other vital functions of HRM entail utilising the available resources efficiently, making decisions as per the requirement and retaining the potential people among others (Randhawa, 2007). With this concern, the essay intends to discuss about the varied theoretical models of HRM in order to determine its functions that add value and enhance organisational effectiveness by a considerable extent. The models would be then compared with others in order to acquire a brief understanding about the above stated subject matter. Critics have certainly argued that the field of HRM lacks in establishing a logical theoretical framework, which restricts in determining the actual roles played by varied HR functions towards the attainment of long-term as well as short-term objectives of an organisation. However, it is witnessed that there exists certain HRM based theoretical models that provide a better understanding about the effectiveness of diverse HR functions, which lay a significant impact on the overall performance of an organisation in a long run (Wright & McMahan, 1993). In this similar context, the different theoretical models relating to the field of HRM
Saturday, November 16, 2019
The Cultural Dimensions Between The Us And Netherlands Commerce Essay
The Cultural Dimensions Between The Us And Netherlands Commerce Essay Culture is program of human mind which distinguishes two different human groups one from the other. Culture according to sense is a system of collectively held values geert hofstede Culture is a level of basic assumption and the belief that has been shared by members of an organisation, which operates unconsciously and is defined as taken for granted style of an organisation view of its self and environment -Edgar schein Culture is some thing which is differentiated between in groups, out-group of people. Now that the growth of the organisations are developing internationally there is much relation existing between the international companies to work together, these interactions occurs differently in different countries there develop the cultural difference which indeed effect the organisations. These cultural differences have been discussed and analysed by hofstede analysis in detail. Hofstede also defined culture as software of the mind which guides us with our daily interactions. Culture is a collective phenomenon of thinking, feeling, potential acting, which are acquired in early childhood .to change these acquired characteristics and establish and develop in new ways of thinking, feeling, acting is more difficult for the first time using the analogy in which computer are programmed the patterns of thinking, feeling, acting are referred to software of mind. Culture is a collective programme of mind, which has the ability to distinguish the members of one group of people from another. Hofstede did studies on IBM in 72 different countries and identify 5 different types of cultural dimensions HOFSTEDES CULTURAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN UNITED STATES AND NETHERLANDS SOURCE: http://www.geert-hofstede.com/hofstede_dimensions.php?culture1=95culture2=62 A. Power distance Power distance is used to measure how the subordinates usually respond to their power and authority according to hofstede they are high power distance an countries and low power distance countries in high power distance countries The subordinates are scared of the bosses, the bosses tend to be very autocratic and demanding over the employees, in lower power distance countries the subordinates are more friendly with the bosses who can even challenge them at work, the bosses usually tend to use a consultative management style. United States Us has the lower power distance ranking (PDI) (40), when compared to worlds average of 55 according to hofstede cultural dimension in a country with low power distance is an indicative of a great quality between societal, government, organisation and families. this shows the cooperative interactions across all power label and these creates suitable cultural environment, this low power distance shows that there is friendly relation between bosses and employees which helps the companies to stay stable in many situations. Netherlands Netherlands have the power distance (PDI) (44) which indicates that there is good understanding between the higher officials and the employees yet they might be some differences in some situations. B.Individualism Individualism is a level of independence in a community or organisation; there are two types of individualisms, high individualism and low individualism, low individualism according to hofstede is described as having low interaction and dependence for another work with other persons, in high individualism there is more involvement with the organisation and work responsibilities rather than the immediate family, a high individualism is expected to be more respectful and dedicated towards the work in the organisation. United States US ranks high in the individualism, which would indicate that there are more Individualistic attitude less bonding between direct family members and others Usually the members in the individualistic society concentrate more on the work and themselves and very close members. Individualism is expected to look after themselves, on the collective side we find people who are strongly bonded and connected with in groups and extended families which has exchangeable loyalty collectivism has no political meaning it refers only to group and is extremely fundamental one. Netherlands Netherlands has high individual ranking which is almost similar to us this also have loose bonding towards the family and others in this place people are expected to be more individualistic with the work they do, they usually care take of themselves and close family members where as in the collective society people are bonded to relations and are expected to work with each other in the organisation C.Masculinity By hofstede analysis it is said that mens goals are different from womens goals and these can be differentiated as masculine and feminine. Wherere the feminine values most strongly with the relationship at work they tend to work with people who cooperate well with each other living in an area where they are comfortable with the families and tend to have a security that they can work in particular organisation as long as they want to. Where the masculine is high, people have attitude of respecting for high earnings, getting recognition, which they deserve while doing good job, to look for opportunity in higher levels jobs challenging their work. United States In hofstede dimension us ranks 62 in masculinity, When it is compared to the worlds average of 50 they shows that united state has large gender difference, male domination in the society, usually male s are considered as important because of their roles play in the society this generates the female population become more competitive with woman trying to shift into male roles. Netherlands: Netherlands has the lowest hofstede dimension in masculinity at 14 they shows that there is a very low level of discrimination between the genders female are treated equally with males in the society this low masculinity ranking in the society displaces an open society D.Uncertainty avoidance: Uncertainty shows the level of uncertainty among people and uncertain situations they are two types of uncertainties high uncertainty and low uncertainty where an uncertainty is strong the culture tends to develop unknown situation as threats and people will tend to avoid them in places where uncertainty is low people feel very less threatened by the situations by these people tend to be more opened and innovative. United States United states ranks 46 in hofstede dimension of uncertainty avoidance when compared to the worlds average of 64 low ranking of uncertainty avoidance in a society is known to have very few rules and regulations and they do not attempt to control the outcomes and results this type of society is always opened to new ideas thoughts and beliefs. Netherlands The uncertainty avoidance of Netherlands is 53 when compared to worlds average of 64 this shows that Netherlands have moderate score for the uncertainty avoidance which indicates that cultural tenancy to minimize this shows the reduction level of uncertainty within the population with rules, laws, policies to overcome most of the situations. E.Long-term orientation This is the last hofstede cultural dimension, which was established in 1990, this refers to long-term and short-term tradition and values. Long-term orientation has a respect for the status of relationships .in short-term orientation there is sense of security and stability keeping up reputation, to respect the tradition. United States Us ranked lowest in the long term orientation as 29 when it is compared to worlds average of 45 they shows that society has the cultural traditional according to rules and regulations Netherlands: When compared to united states Netherlands have the high long term directions as 44 when compared to worlds average it shows that country have great level of social obligations, stability, reputations tradition are well followed 3. Sony Corporation of America: Sony corporation of America based in city of new York(united states of America) is a subsidiary of Sony head quarter in Tokyo Sony is a leader in manufacture of vedio,audio and communication and information technology products for the consumer and professional markets Sonys television ,computer entertainment, online business., music and its motion pictures makes Sony one of the most wide spread entertainment companies in the world Sonys us businesses include Sony pictures entertainment,sony electronic,sony computer entertainment America and Sony music entertainment the company recorded an annual sales of approximately 78.9$billions for the year 2009 Sony employees 1,71,300 people worldwide. Sony American is one of the leading music, audio visual electronic and information technology in united states and worldwide it is also said to be code developer of the CD, DVD and SACD.to its credit it is the first developer manufacturer and marketers of the play station .it is also inventor of vast range of consumer audio ,video products Sony has always manage to dominate the competitive electronics market within the united states .the company has almost seen a constant growth ever since its start in 1960 throughout this time In the us it has introduce a varied no of products that has revolutionise the electronic industry the walkman personal stereo and the Sony Trinitron televisions have become industrial leaders there are even more products on the horizon such as VIAO,CLIO AND SONY LINE OF CAMERAS . 4. Managing innovation and creativity For developing and producing these products Sony employees 21000 person work force the Sony mainly encourages these employee work forces to innovate take risk and to exceed customer expectation they work done by talented individuals lead to nearly 14 billion dollars in sales in the recent years a poll conducted among leading 2000 companies, in America Sony was recognize as number 1 brand name beating out cocola,ford and Disney Sony mainly invests greatly in the community and relationships with both their employees and customers every day at Sony corporate ethics play major part the company has develop ethics and action programme which is designed to train all levels of workers of Sony how they remain trust worthy, honesty and fair. 4.1SONY COMPANY innovation practices Changing management structure to remain innovative. The shift from analogy to digital technology and growth of it have been continuous at the 50th anniversary of Sony it was embarked as the start of new digital age by recognising its management structure to improve its decisional company system in order to respond more fast to the market change and to generate a structure e that encourages development of new business the Sony has now reconstructed their corporate structure from a vertical system to horizontal system for first time 50 year history in order to speed up market responsiveness and decision making Sony puts itself into strong position in fulfilling its goals by internalising much of the technological advances by being prepared to change and adapt from itself, 4.2. Establishing new ventures for innovation In the year 1995 Sony has made in long-term technology agreement with Intel Corporation, which is largest manufacturer of microprocessors for computers in US. Sony strengths of any software and hard ware are now combined with Intels strengths of computer technology and semi conductors. Since these agreement Sony has introduce the revolutionary DVD player and DVD anticipating with innovation(digital dream kids)digital dream kids shows the Sony strong commitments in realising their dream to digital technologies the digital Dream kids are analyse as future customers, at all the levels of Sony the employees become dream kids to continue generating new products that will satisfy meet the expectations of future customers to connect the potential of digital technology, Sony will identify dreams of young and digitally educate to create unique fun products and applications the Sony uses dream kids format in union with market research to regularly keep in touch with customers future dreams pio neers of market in the process of constant technological innovation marketing plays a vital role the Sony has always standardized the view that a very good marketing always involves pioneering the market ,which comes down to market creation in the long run there will always be a failure by simply producing the goods that meets market current needs rather than having react to changes Sony has been able to become proactive force by driving markets forward innovation research and development 4.3Future innovation programmes Sony has set few continuous challenges to face in coming future 1. Sony has plan to further strengthen its leading position in the AV while developing it business 2. To secure a firm foot hold in the entertainment industry it will promote a deeper understanding among the company employees and management 3. To integrate an entertainment business and electronics in order to create totally new business opportunities 5. Sony innovative research and development as a leader in innovation Sony electronics is a company that majorly focuses imagination than manufacturing in the past manufacturing hardware has been major drive of the business it is now currently taking newer and different paths to the future the companies majorly focussing its research and development on integrating the broadband and finding the synergy between contend and hardware the main aim of the Sony creative centre is that the engineers are thinking of the ways to touch the heart of consumers foreseeing future trends is the Sony main method of developing new product this really means that Sony is majorly trying to getting tune with what the consumers want and majorly what the consumers are willing to accept another major issue Sony currently faces is timing that is reducing products ahead of markets ability to use them in a recent fortune article emphasizing on happening of Sony electronics and development future wonders has a TV display with thickness of not more than fe w sheets of paper, granting light valve -a high definition video projector that turns entire walls into film screens ,digital chopsticks appointer that allows a user to pick a particular folder and transfer it directly to another screen beside, The companies R and D has been described as the future toy factory buy few of the open minded employees and engineers Sony.com indicates that Sony s vision is not necessarily about refrigerators talking to toasters .its about bringing to market products that capture imagination of consumers and enhance their life in the process. 6. Philips company profile Royal Philip electronics situated at Netherlands is a diversified health and well being company mainly focus on improving peoples life through their timely innovations it is a world leader in health care lightening and life style .Philips combines technology and design into peoples solutions based on simple customer needs and the brand promises of sense and simplicity the Philips head quarters is situated in Netherlands and employees approximately1,21,000 employees more than 60 countries around the world the company had sales of 26 billion Euros in year 2008,it is market leader in cardiac care and home health care and acute care it also leading provider of energy saving lightening solutions and new lightening applications along with life style products with personal wellbeing .it also has the pleasure by being a strong leadership position in flat TV grooming ,male shaving ,portable entertainment and oral health care 7. Philips innovative campus (PIC) This is a division of Philips electronics India limited situated at Bangalore and owned 96 percent by royal Philips electronics Netherlands it was established with a vision to been an innovative hub creating next generation solutions and products of life style and health care the pic comprises of the industries finest professionals using platforms including real time system and state of art software engineering paradigms ,component based software engineering and multi threaded architecture to drive the creation tomorrows services and products the pic has adopted an open innovation strategy which leverages the partnering companies for joint innovative power and researches in order to bring more innovations in the market faster and effectively 7.1Philips innovations On the fortune list of global top corporations royal Phillips electronics is in the 10th position the company active in its 60 different business varying from domestic appliances to consumer electronics and semiconductors to security systems they are said to be world leaders in digital technologies for wireless communications ,video compressions ,televisions and displays optical products and underlined semiconductor technologies that makes these break through possible the company plays leading role in shaping the worlds digital electronics by bringing meaning full technological innovations to people most of those innovations find their routes in the labs of Philip research the company is majorly dedicate to innovations that are environmentally sound in the terms of its products how it takes them .in the company, the traditionally design discipline are included with skills from the human science and technology from multi disciplinary research based approach that makes possible to gene rate new solution that convince and satisfy peoples needs and aspirations they call these new enriched design as high design 7.2Innovation at Philips Philips mammon trak system is develop for breast screening and diagnosis and biopsy application combination with mri system (magner resonance tomography) this application improves patient comfort, work flow and simplify the processor for biopsy this creation was done keeping in mind the cost and time wasted during the diagnosis of different breast cancers in women this innovation was result of increase of rate of breast cancer patients every year and demand for mammography procedures 8. Managing innovation and creativity At Philips design they think that they can full fill only people needs and desires when they truly understand what they are for these reason they always begin with getting information as much as possible about their targeted audiences, their values ,their priorities ,likes and dislikes with theses approach their international multi disciplinary and diverse design team is able to bring out truly applicable solutions that predict peoples needs enhance their customers business success by exceeding their expectations this is why the Philips is said to be one of the largest organisation in the world with around seven studios in north America ,Europe, Asia the Philip design wins a minimum of 50 plus design awards each year it comprises of a creative force of 400 professionals representing over 35 nationalities with a varied client list of 60 fortune 500 companies 9. Recommendations As both the firms are very large multinational firms, these firms have used quite very varied types of creative tools. The tools used by both the firms vary in final outcome but the tools used are generally the same. When taking the Sony America company, this company majorly emphasises on using the creative tools for the outcome of products related to the entertainment sector like televisions, music systems and other accessories. So, they majorly need to use the creative tools for making the life of human more comfort and more luxurious and easy. But when coming to the Philips they majorly work on healthcare like operating and scanning machines and other health products. They do even produce electronics like televisions music systems and other gadgets but not as the way Sony does. This company uses creative tools that give an outcome relating to bringing down the medical costs for a person. They are also majorly involved in semiconductor industry. Both the firms have very large group of people working in their own R and D centres using much of the creative tools. Even thought there are a numerous Sony products coming up every day, the company is lacking behind the Philips in the electronics sector. This can be said because Philips wins 50+ awards every year for its innovation achievements. Even though sonnys working on innovations there has been not much results compared to Philips. So we recommend that sent to use all the varied types of creative tools and techniques to even get better results. Philips has even mentioned that whatever new innovation it does it also does in way that is environmental friendly. 10. Conclusion Managing of innovation and creativity is a very important aspect for any organization in any country. For any firm to compete and sustain in this fast moving world it should majorly emphasise on using the creativity and innovation tools to get innovative and creative ideas. Hofstede methodology of cultures will help in better understanding the effects of culture on innovation. It will help in studying the cross cultural dimensions and help in growth of the firms eventually. For both multi- national firms it has been important that they manage the innovation and creativity centres well. As these are very large firms both Sony and Philips are managing their innovation centres well by spending lots of amounts on these centres. Both the companies are using varied tools for generating the innovative ideas. So by this we can conclude that both the companies are using and managing the innovations and creativity very well to gain more profits and lead the market.
Thursday, November 14, 2019
how the stock market crashed Essay -- essays research papers
Many factors played a role in bringing about the depression; however, the main cause for the Great Depression was the combination of the greatly unequal distribution of wealth, banking problem, industrial power houses and agricultural depression which ultimately lead to the infamous Stock Market Crash of 1929. The â€Å"roaring twenties†was an era when our country prospered greatly. The rapid increase in industrialization was fueling growth in the economy, and technology improvements had the leading economists living that the uprise would continue. During this boom period, wages increased along with consumer spending and stock prices began to rise as well. Billions of dollars were invested in the stock market as people began speculation on the rising stock prices and buying on margin.               On Thursday, October 24, 1929, the bottom began to fall out. Prices dropped continually as more and more investors tried to sell their holdings. By the end of the day, the New York Stock Exchange had lost four billion dollars, and it took the exchange clerks until five o’clock in the morning the next day to clear all the transactions (Hicks 9) Following Monday the realization of what had happened began to sink in, and a full-blown panic set in. Thousands of investors-- many of them ordinary working people, not serious â€Å"players -- were financially ruined. by the end of the year stock values had dropped by fifteen billion dollars (McElvaine 45).      Many of the banks which had speculated heavily with their deposits were wiped out by the falling prices, and these bank failures sparked run on the banking system. Each failed bank, factory, business, and investor contributed to the downward spiral that would drag the world into the Great Depression (Hicks 22).      During the â€Å"roaring twenties†which is commonly known as the Jazz Age, their was an obvious attitude that was for living for the moment. â€Å"Americans in the Roaring Twenties turned inward, away form international issues and social concerns and toward greater individualism. The emphasis was on getting rich and enjoying new fads, new inventions and new ideas. (Hiebert 73). The traditional values of rural America were being challenged by the infamous Jazz Age, what symbolized what is shock... ...et into a speculative pyramid game, in which most of the money invested in the market wasn’t actually there.                                   The car industry was the force behind many other booming industries during this time. In 1928, their were over 21 million cars on the road that adds up to one car for every six Americans (Hicks 114). Steel, nickel, lead and other metal industries prospered with 15% of its products going to the automobile industry ( Hicks 114). Rubber, petroleum, textile and leather companies were effected greatly by the car industry too. The automotive industry effected construction as well. the car had been essential to the urbanization of the country , because so many other industries relied upon it. With this rapid urbanization came the need to build many more factories, homes, offices and stores. From 1919 to 1928 the construction industry grew from a mere 2.5 billion dollars to 5billion dollars (Hicks 115).      The Radio industry also prospered during
Monday, November 11, 2019
My Aquarium
The place I decided to do my paper on is located in the living room of my family's house. It is a one hundred gallon aquarium. The reason I chose this as the topic of my paper is that all kingdoms are present except for Plantae in it and it is its own ecosystem. Before I go in detail about the organisms in the aquarium, I would like to mention the accessories that make this aquarium a stable environment and allow the organisms to grow happily. The temperature needs to mimic natural reefs that are often found in tropical regions. The tank needs to be 78 degrees F. In the summer water is pumped through a chiller that lowers the temperture to exactly what it needs to be and there is also a conventional aquarium heater to raise tempature during colder times. Natural reefs also need lots of sunlight. This is mimicked by two large 250 watt metal halide and 4 (3 foot) vho lights. These high intensity lights produce tremendous increases in the temperture of the tank which is countered by the chiller. Natural seawater has constant currents which are mimicked by three submersible power heads that keep everything moving. Next, is the water. This needs to be ultra pure, free from dissolved solvents. Due to the high temperatures evaporation can cause as much as 2 gallons a day to be replaced. A reverse osmosis water purifier is used to create this ultra pure water. Now that I have explained how the water starts of pure the salinity needs to be constant. 33 parts per thousand is recommended for reef aquariums. Calcium, amino acids, phytoplankton, and iodine are also added to the aquarium on a daily basis. The water is tested on a monthly basis for ph, alkalinity, and about a dozen different chemicals to be sure the water chemistry is correct. Now we will discuss the first part of the reef aquarium, which is the sand and live rock. The sand needs to be live sand, meaning it contains all the necessary bacteria that will be needed in this artificial environment. The same is true for the live rock, which needs different bacteria and is the resting place for all of the corals. These organisms belong to the kingdom Monera Protista and are the first organism to be added to the tank. This aquarium also contains organisms of the kingdom Protista. These are present in the green algae that are seen on the glass of aquariums. Also red algae are seen when observing a marine aquarium. These algae bloom when there is excess nitrogen in the water. The red algae are a sign of a tank that is in bad shape. There are also specimens of brown algae in the tank. These free floating algae are a main source of food for certain fish and crustaceans. The majority of the visible organisms in the tank are in the phylum Cnidaria. These include the many types of mushrooms, polyps, anemones, soft and hard corals. These are what make the reef aquarium look like a reef. These organisms multiply in the tank and need to be fed by the sunlight and also phytoplankton. It is cool to touch these organisms with the net. They all shrivel up and get defensive when disturbed. There are also about 20 snails in the tank belonging to the class Gastropoda. These shells are taken over by hermit crabs which belong to the class Crustacea. Other members of this class include a banded reef shrimp and several emerald crabs. There is a huge clam belonging to the class Bivalvia which has pretty turquoise lips. There is even a feather duster worm that just showed up one day. The higher interverts in the tank include two starfish and also a brittle star. The starfish spend most of their time beneath the sand while the brittle star is very active and visible and will pounce on food shortly after it hits the bottom. Next to the corals the next visible class in the tank would include the class of Osteichthyes. These include tangs, gobies, dottybacks, a pair of clown fish, and several types of damsels. It is amazing to watch all these organisms grow and interact with one another while realizing how exact the conditions need to be to allow them to even survive.
Saturday, November 9, 2019
AMD Case Final
Finally, MAD needs to switch the consumer's fixation from specifications such as GHz and KGB, to visual experience. Although Llano is already delayed, it will be ready by mid-201 1 . The next selling cycle, right after mid-2011 , is the Back – to – School season. This means that waiting until mid-2011 is not necessarily a bad thing. Intel already rushed out a CHIP+SPIN processor called Sandbagging in order to be the first to market, and in doing so produced a mediocre product. According to analysts, â€Å"Intel GAP technology is a generation behind its CPU technology and cannot Offer a outing-edge graphics experience. Unlike Intel, Mad's strength is in dedicated Spies, due to the acquisition of AT I. Therefore, MAD can release a more complete CHIP+SPLIT processor, aka APP, in time for the Back-to-School season. Usually incentives are negotiated prior to each selling cycle: Back-to- School, Holiday season, and Spring. MAD can offer incentives to retail stores such as Be st Buy, H. H. Gregg and Office Depot prior to the Back-to-School season. The incentives would benefit the retailers because they would be paid an extra 5-10 dollars per PC sold, that contains one of Mad's chips.MAD would also benefit from giving retail incentives by getting more exposure on prominent displays, promotional merchandise available at the retail stores, PC's with MAD chips featured in ad circulars, and MAD would have access to sales associates for training purposes in return for the incentive. MAD specifically should have a combination of merchandising and training because studies show that when merchandising and training are combined, the VISION brand is better communicated and recommended to customers via retail sales associates.For example, when comparing VISION awareness, Merchandising Alone scored 88%, whereas Merchandising + Training scored 97%. For VISION recommendation, Merchandising Alone scored 46%, whereas Merchandising + Training scored 69%. The Fusion produc t line consists of one high end product called Llano that was suitable for high-performance desktops and laptops, one mid-tier product called Acetate suitable for low-end notebooks, and one low-end product called Ontario mainly used for notebooks. Acetate and Ontario were also referred to as Bravos.The reason why we choose to launch Llano first, and not Bravos, is because the VISION rand needs to be associated with quality processors and reasonable prices in comparison to Intel. We assume that if MAD launches Bravos first, the VISION brand will run the risk of being miscommunication as a low-end, weak processor and thus MIS-positioned in consumers' minds, due to a negative first impression. In the past, MAD lacked the ability to court high-end markets, and VISION's Llano is an attempt to break into high-end markets which will give MAD an opportunity for larger profit margins and market share gains in PC's.Odessa said, â€Å"Internal projections forecasted that Llano, which would co ver all mainstream and high-end products, would account for 70% of Fusion APP sales and that Acetate and Ontario would account for 30%†. Looking back at Mad's history with Intel, the companies seem to always have a response to one another, or a way to get back at each other. Whether it is by launching a better product, price-cutting, acquisitions, or rushing products to the market, they usually respond within a year or two.For instance, when Intel's Titanium failed because it could not service 32-bit software, MAD developed the Petrol, which could service both 64-bit and 32-bit software hush creating success for MAD. Part of its success was due to the fact that users did not have to buy new software packages for the processor, unlike Titanium which required new software and proved to be costly. We would rather have the Llano be like a repeat of the Petrol in comparison to Intel's Sandbagging.This means that even though Intel went to market first with a CPU+SPIN processor, MAD can release a better APP about six months later, which is a relatively quick retaliation to Intel when compared to their history. In order to not make the same mistake that Titanium did, we recommend MAD ark with content and software makers before launching Llano. Another important characteristic about Llano is that it needs to be able to function with both 64-bit and 32-bit programs. The plan is to release Llano with only a few major necessary software applications and programs optimized for 64- bit, so that the Llano APP can be fully experienced by users.As mentioned in the case, â€Å"the lead time for optimizing applications was typically a yea'. Releasing Llano with only a few optimized programs allows Llano to roll out in mid-2011. Also, the idea is that developers can create optimized software ever time, much like how Google Chromate was released with a few notable APS and has gained more over time. Some programs we would optimize are: Direct 1 1, Directorates, Photo and vid eo editing APS, Adobe Acrobat. A large number of optimized programs and applications will come after Llano's debut.MAD should be concerned with improving relationships with Memos by not forcing the Memos to exclusively use MAD processors and logos, unlike Intel, which according to management â€Å"used its dominant position to dictate terms to Memos or threaten not to work with them if they did not use Intel chips exclusively†. By not imposing on Memos, MAD opens itself to being used by companies such as Apple, which prefers not to put other brands on its devices. MAD should continue following its new branding strategy VISION, which focuses on how the computer is used and not on how fast the computer can calculate excel spreadsheets. If we make the experience matter most, the VISION campaign has done its job. †Currently the conversation between salespeople and consumers revolves around hardware specifications, but MAD wants the conversation to be about what the compute r can do. MAD should define its CPU and JPG in simple terms that re straightforward, unlike Intel which is very technical. Communicating the change from Intel style specifications to MAD visual experience will require in person demonstrations done by retail sales associates.Retail sales associates will carry out blind tests for consumers by showing shoppers two computers side by side, one with an Intel Sandbagging processor and the other with an MAD Fusion processor. Customers will then choose which computers they feel have the better graphics and visuals, from the demonstrations of the Intel vs.. MAD blind test. Another way to communicate to consumers that MAD APP processors are better, not only for use of Excel but also for visuals, is to show them an experience comparison with the competitor; in this case it is Intel.The VISION Experience Comparison would be signage that translates industry standard specification lingo; it would show that Intel's processor is equal to choppy, fix ated gamely, whereas Amid APP is equal to vivid, clean, smooth game play. The VISION Experience Comparisons would be displayed on the retailer's shelf, where the specifications are typically shown for each computer. The VISION Experience Comparisons would only be splayed for computers that contain MAD Pap's. Strategy #1 Add Apes for new form factors such as smoothness and tablets to the Fusion product line.Create relationships and incentive Memos to use the smartened and tablet APES. Rationale #1 The Fusion line currently consists of three different processors: Llano, Acetate, and Ontario. Each processor in the Fusion line is geared toward a certain type of PC. For example, Llano is for powerful desktops and laptops, whereas Acetate is for low-end notebooks. Ontario is for notebooks. The Fusion line up competes with Intel's ‘Core' product line nicely. One area of concern is new form factors, such as tablets and smoothness. Currently, Intel is selling the Atom for tablets and s moothness.MAD should include an APP that can service these tablets and smoothness, as well. Looking at the competitive landscape, one can see that tablets and smoothness are under great demand from consumers. Apple's phone has had major success since 2007 and pads, which were recently released in April 201 0, have shown strong sales. MAD has the ability and should position itself in the tablet and smartened markets as a graphically strong PAPAL maker. It is in Mad's best interest to become an industry standard for smoothness and tablets. MAD can do this by creating good relationships with manufacturers through flexible deals.For example, MAD will not require Apple to show MAD labels or logos on its products. Also, MAD will strive to have better prices than Intel. In addition, since some of the smartened Memos are also the same companies that create PC's, MAD can offer bundles. For example, if the same MEMO uses MAD processors in both desktops and smoothness, MAD could Offer a larger discount on advertising or products. Strategy #2 Keep Mad's VISION marketing strategy, but include a marketing campaign using various media to better portray the VISION marketing strategy.In addition, improve retail and Memos relationship with MAD, to further increase sales. Rationale #2 Mad's new branding strategy for the introduction of the integrated CHIP/ SPIN, VISION, focuses on consumers' experience, visuals, and graphics instead of concentrating on the specifications, speed, and numbers a computer may have. The MAD PC purchasing study showed, â€Å"consumers want a simple, straight forward way to compare and choose computers†, which indicates hat most consumers are more concerned with â€Å"what the computer does, over what is inside Of it†.An example Off circular ad featuring VISION is provided in the case; however, it only shows specifications on the MAD processor found inside the Notebooks, completely omitting the message of the VISION strategy. The idea is to provide customers with the most important specifications and also integrate the message, ‘the experience matters most†. For the Fusion processor, customers would want to experience HAD quality video online gaming, enhanced video and photo viewing, high performance photo editing, and AD gaming. This would be a more social, recreational use for a computer or notebook.The new Vision marketing strategy would include a marketing campaign that involves an initiative to change the consumer message throughout various types of media. The campaign will communicate to consumers that MAD APP processors are better, not only for use of Excel, but also for visuals. The ads in the campaign will show consumers a direct comparison with the competitor, in this case Intel. The campaign will be called the VISION Experience Comparison. The VISION Experience Comparison itself would include ads hat show translations of industry standard specification lingo.For example, the ads will demonstra te that Intel's processor is equal to choppy, fixated gamely, whereas Mad's APP is equal to vivid, clean, smooth game play. The campaign will be in use two months before each Computer selling cycle. For instance, VISION Experience Comparison commercials will be displayed most heavily two months before the Back-to-School cycle, in order to generate demand. Marketing strategy is important, but relationships with retailers and Memos are also crucial in order for MAD to deliver its new APP processor to ND-users.Intel has the lead on MAD when it comes to MEMO relationships; Intel goes as far as using threats as one of its partnership strategies by making Memos deal exclusively with them. MAD needs to use a non- threatening strategic partnership; make deals with Memos by not forcing them to place Mad's VISION logo on its devices. For example, â€Å"Apple hasn't allowed Intel to place a logo on its computers and the company has the most market share for notebooks over $1000†. This m eans that MAD has the opportunity to make a business deal with a top tier computer brand like Apple.This is cause MAD will not threaten to not cooperate with Apple, in case Apple does not wish to display MAD logos on its devices. MAD should partner with leading Memos such as Hewlett-Packard and Dell Inc. , which have the lead in sales over Leno and Acre as seen on Exhibit 4 of the case. By introducing incentives, MAD could make itself more appealing to Memos. As mentioned in the case, â€Å"MAD can offer Memos 75% refund on full price of all print ads if Memos use the VISION brand†. Instead of reimbursing HP 3-5% of the purchase price of the chip, MAD could raise the percentage to 10%, making the deal appear more appealing to Memos.
Thursday, November 7, 2019
Dehumanization essays
Dehumanization essays Dehumanization of Slaves And What It Is To Be Human By stripping slaves of their human qualities, slave owners dehumanized their slaves. Being a human means to have emotions and to have control on how you feel and what you feel about it. The ability to make decisions on our own is also an important trait humans have. Frederick Douglass was a slave in the 1800s and achieved freedom to which he is able to explain what slaves went through and how they were treated. Slaves were forced to work for white men on plantations, and were given little or no food, clothes, and/or shelter to live in. These slaves also never had the chance to learn to read, write, or anything to that degree. Inside, humans possess the power to feel or to have emotions. Certain things in life strike emotions and cause sadness, anger, or any other feelings a human may have. Another quality humans possess is to sense the feelings in others. In this book, The Narrative of The Life of Frederick Douglass, Frederick witnesses his aunt being strung up half naked by her hands and whipped senseless by her master. The only feeling is fear that this woman may have. Animals are psychologically trained by being punished for doing something wrong in much the same way the slaves were trained. This kind of treatment made slaves emotionless about life in general. ....the early separation of us from our mother had well nigh blotted the fact of our relationship from our memories( Douglass, 5). This quote shows the emotions that Frederick had for his own flesh and blood and how it didnt mean very much to him when his mother passed away. While slaves didnt have the chance to have human feeleings, anything they did was for someone else. Slave owners controled the entire lives of slaves woring on plantaions. The clothing, food, and any other possesions slaves ahd were given to them by their owners. The ow...
Monday, November 4, 2019
The Legality of Risk Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
The Legality of Risk Management - Research Paper Example rbide for two years jail term for a crime which resulted in the killing of more than 15000 people (Bhopal gas tragedy: Accused awarded only 2 yrs in jail, get bail, 2010). Bhopal gas tragedy was an industrial catastrophe in which the toxic gases leaked out of the Union Carbide India Limited pesticide plant in Bhopal in 1984. Methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas and other toxic gases liberated from the plant affected around 500000 people staying nearby. Another controversial aspect of this accident is the fact that even after 25 years of gas leak accident, still tons of chemicals left abandoned at the accident sight which is contaminating the groundwater in this region. The above accident is one of the better examples in which how injudicious industrialization may harm the interests of the public. Moreover, this accident teaches us how carelessly the big companies handling the industrial equipments which can cause severe damages to the human life. The importance of human life is nothing for such greedy industrialists and even after killing many people, these industrialists were able to escape from the severe punishments. This paper briefly analyses the Bhopal g as tragedy case and provide recommendations to avoid such tragedies in future. The Bhopal gas tragedy happened purely because of the human errors and handling of risky equipments with carelessness. The Union Carbide report after the accident indicates that purely technical negligence and personal negligence caused this tragedy. A stainless steel tank emplaced in concrete contained probably 45 tons of liquid Methyl isocyanate (MIC). The Union Carbide Manual calls MIC (CH3N = C = O) "an extremely hazardous chemical.. by all means of contact" and regards it "as an oral and contact poison" even though it is not classified among poisons. It is also "extremely flammable." Most probably, water got into the tank through a pipe. The MIC, which reacts violently with water, turned into an explosive gas vapor that blew out the
Saturday, November 2, 2019
Using the media 6 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
Using the media 6 - Assignment Example In order to influence public opinion and as a nurse, I would use the media to apply pressure and advance the public policy issue. This would serve as a way of marshaling the constituents. Additionally, in order to communicate the public policy issue through the media, the message to be conveyed would need to be framed to make the information understandable by the public (Mason et al., 2011). The media can also be ineffective if the messages are conveyed to the wrong target group. It is at this point that I would determine the target group or audience for the communication. The social networking media can be effective means of communicating the public policy issue. A message passed through any of the social media sites and websites such as Facebook, Twitter and blogs can be weighty (Anderson & Puckrin, 2011). Therefore, it would be effective to have a post in all social networking websites and blogs on the current state of the policy issue, and an expounded state of the policy issue a nd comments of a policy maker in an opinion editorial. However, although social networking websites may be helpful in conveying useful information, there are numerous concerns that need to be considered (Miller, 2011). These include privacy and confidentiality of information. Patient confidentiality and privacy is an essential issue that continues to be violated by social media users (Anderson & Puckrin, 2011). It would be ethically and professionally wrong for a nurse to expose patient information without their
Thursday, October 31, 2019
CORPORATE RESEARCH PAPER Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words
CORPORATE - Research Paper Example As of the financial year 2011, Chevron generated a sales value worth $244 billion and the net income attributable to the company during the same period was $27 billion. The profitability of the company can be gauged from the fact that the net income per share of the company during 2011 was $13.44, while the company also paid cash dividends worth $3.09 per share. The return on capital and the return on equity of Chevron during as of 2011 were 21.6% and 23.8% respectively (Chevron, 2012). Though the company is instituted in California, in the United States, Chevron has business activities throughout the world in over 120 countries. The following figure represents the geographic reach of Chevron across the world, by means of onshore operations, offshore operations, pipelines or refineries. Figure 1: Global Reach of Chevron Corporation (Juhasz, 2009) In 2011, the average net production of Chevron was 2.673 million oil barrels for every day, of which around 75% of the volume was produced from countries other than the United States (Chevron, 2012). This can be lucidly illustrated from the following figure: Figure 2: Geographic Segmentation of Chevron’s Production (Chevron, 2011) Chevron is present in various countries, such as the USA, the UK, Canada, Malaysia, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Nigeria, Singapore and Australia to name a few. Chevron Corporation has a number of subsidiaries and associates for managing and operating its worldwide operations. Some of them are Chevron U.S.A. Inc. (CUSA), Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LLC, Chevron Transport Corporation Ltd. (CTC), and Tengizchevroil LLP (TCO) among others. Even though every subsidiary of Chevron is accountable for its individual affairs, Chevron Corporation handles its investments in its subsidiaries in addition to their affiliates. The operations and business activities of Chevron are categorised into two business divisions, namely, Upstream and Downstream. The upstream business segment comprise s of sale of crude oil and natural gas produced by the company itself, in addition to the sale of natural gas produced by other companies. On the other hand, the downstream segment comprises of activities related to the processing and marketing of various forms of petroleum products. The United States of America is the principal country of operation of Chevron Corporation. Hence, in its annual reports, the company presents its geographic breakdown of performance in terms of two categories, i.e., the United States, Chevron’s domicile nation while other countries where the company operates reported as ‘International’ (outside the United States). The following table represents the breakdown of sales, assets and income of Chevron Corporation for the year 2011, in terms of the above discussed segments: Year 2011 Sales Assets Earnings Upstream United States 27,738 37,108 6,512 International 55,098 98,540 18,274 Downstream United States 91,078 22,182 1,506 International 123,221 20,517 2,085 All others United States 1,598 8,824 - International 46 17,661 - Total United States 120,414 68,114 8018 International 178,365 136,718 20,359 (All values in millions of US dollars) (Chevron Corporation, 2011) In this context, it is should be noted that excluding the United States,
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